Soybean Oil

8001-22-7

152059-96-6, 358980-39-9, 8030-22-6, 84776-91-0

152059-96-6, 358980-39-9, 8030-22-6

Oils, edible: soya bean is a pale yellow oily liquid with a weak odor. Floats on water. Contains principally glycerides of oleic and linoleic acids.

Liquid, Other Solid; Water or Solvent Wet Solid; Dry Powder; Liquid; NKRA

Pale yellow oily liquid with a faint odor; [CAMEO] Clear light yellow liquid; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]

Pale yellow to brownish-yellow oil

Slight characteristic odor

Bland flavor /refined soybean oil/

620-650 K (347-377 °C) /primary triglyceride esters in soybean oil/

Very high (USCG, 1999)

Melts at 22-31 °C; Solidifies at -10 to 16 °C

-4 °F (USCG, 1999)

540 °F (282 °C) closed cup

540 °F (USCG, 1999)

Solubility of water in soybean oil = 0.11% by weight at 22 °C, 0.19% by weight at 60 °C

Insoluble in water

Miscible with absolute alcohol, ether, petroleum ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide

0.916-0.922 at 25/25 °C

0.922 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

8.0X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C /extrapolated, representative triglycerides of soybean oil/

5.17 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

833 °F (445 °C)

833 °F (USCG, 1999)

172.9 cP at 0 °C; 99.7 cP at at 10 °C; 50.09 cP at 25 °C; 28.86 cP at 40 °C

9135-9450 cal/g

44,200 cal/mol

27.6 dyne/cm at 30 °C

Index of refraction: 1.471-1.475 at 25 °C

Acid value: 0.3-3; Saponification value: 189-195; Iodine value: 127-138; Thiocyanogen value: 77-85; Hydroxyl value: 4-8; Reichert-Meissl value: 0.2-0.7; Polenske value: 0.2-1.0; Diene no. 0.7

Reacts with acids to liberate heat. Heat is also generated by interaction with caustic solutions. Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing with alkali metals and hydrides. React slowly with oxygen in the air to become rancid.

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Food Contact Substances Listed in 21 CFR

Fragrance Ingredient (Refined soybean oil extract) -> IFRA transparency List

Fragrance Ingredient (Refined soybean oil extract (post treated)) -> IFRA transparency List

Fragrance Ingredient (Soybean oil, fixed) -> IFRA transparency List

UVCB -> EPA TSCA

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Processing Aids and Additives

Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients

Fragrance Ingredients

Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories

Not Classified

None-is a food. (USCG, 1999)

TSCA Definition 2008: Extractives and their physically modified derivatives. It consists primarily of the glycerides of the fatty acids linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic. (Soja hispida). [ChemIDplus] Generally regarded as safe (GRAS) by the FDA; [Reference #1] Not considered hazardous by GHS classification; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]

Reacts with acids to liberate heat. Heat is also generated by interaction with caustic solutions. Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing with alkali metals and hydrides. React slowly with oxygen in the air to become rancid.

EYES: flush with water for at least 15 min. (USCG, 1999)

Water or Foam May Cause Frothing.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Special protective equipment for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Store at 20 deg to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F); do not freeze. /Intralipid 20%, Liposyn III 30%/

Store at 30 °C (86 °F) or below; do not freeze /Liposyn III 10%, Liposyn III 20%, Liposyn II 10%, Liposyn II 20%/

Should not be stored above 25 °C (77 °F); do not freeze. /Intralipid 30%/

Eye protection: Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Respiratory protection: Respiratory protection not required. For nuisance exposures use type OV/AG (US) or type ABEK (EU EN 14387) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Skin and body protection: impervious clothing, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Hand protection: Handle with gloves.

Goggles or face shield. (USCG, 1999)

Insoluble in water.

OILS, EDIBLE: SOYA BEAN react with acids to liberate heat. Heat is also generated by interaction with caustic solutions. Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing with alkali metals and hydrides. React slowly with oxygen in the air to become rancid.

Soybean oil react with acids to liberate heat. Heat is also generated by interaction with caustic solutions. Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing with alkali metals and hydrides. React slowly with oxygen in the air to become rancid.

Materials to avoid: Strong oxidizing agents.

Based on the reviews of the generic data for the active ingredients flower and vegetable oils /including soybean oil/, the Agency has sufficient information on the health effects of flower and vegetable oils and on it potential for causing adverse effects in fish and wildlife and the environment. Therefore, the Agency concludes that products containing flower and vegetable oils for all uses, except the use of essential oils in antimicrobial products, are eligible for reregistration. The Agency has determined that the flower and vegetable oils products, labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision, will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Soybean oil is found on List D. Case No: 4097; Pesticide type: insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, rodenticide, antimicrobial; Case Status: RED Approved 01/94; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): soybean oil; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 02/22/94; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for the case/AI.

Substances migrating to food from cotton and cotton fabrics used in dry food packaging that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Soybean oil (hydrogenated) is included on this list.

Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, up to and including the decaglycerol esters, may be safely used in food in accordance with the following prescribed conditions: (a) They are prepared from corn oil, cottonseed oil, lard, palm oil from fruit, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, and tallow and the fatty acids derived from these substances (hydrogenated and nonhydrogenated) meeting the requirements of section 172.860(b) and/or oleic acid derived from tall oil fatty acids meeting the requirements of 172.862. (b) They are used as emulsifiers in food, in amounts not greater than that required to produce the intended physical or technical effect.

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. /Soybean oil (unhydrogenated)/

USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Flower and Vegetable Oils, EPA 738-R-93-031 (December 1993). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of July 14, 2014: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/old_reds/flower_veggie_oils.pdf]

Genetic Enhancement of Soybean Oil for Industrial Uses: Prospects and Challenges.[Cahoon EB; AgBioForum 6 (1&2): 11-13 (2003)]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Soybean oil is a pale yellow to brownish-yellow oil with a slight characteristic odor. It is used as a cooking and salad oil, in the manufacture of margarine, shortenings, mayonnaise, and candy. It is also used in production of soap, paints, varnishes, resins, plastics, and biodiesel fuel. In medicine, soybean oil is used in parenteral nutrition formulations as a source of calories and essential fatty acids. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Soybean oil emulsion given as a single dose of 500 mL promotes lymphocyte and neutrophil death that may enhance the susceptibility of the patients to infections. Death in preterm infants after infusion of iv fat emulsions have occurred. Autopsy findings included intravascular fat accumulation in the lungs. A person who worked and lived near a soya bean mill experienced asthma which was dependent on the wind direction. He gave a positive reaction to skin scratch tests with soya bean products, including soya bean oil of unspecified grade. The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the oil fumes formed from heating three common commercial cooking oils (soybean oil, sunflower oil, and lard) was tested on human lung carcinoma pulmonary type II-like epithelium cell (A-549 cell). The results indicated that the methanolic extracts of oil fumes could apparently lead to cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage. Glutathione (GSH) contents and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were adversely reduced by the methanolic extracts of oil fumes. When human A-549 cells were exposed to the methanolic extracts of oil fumes for 30 min, there was an increase in the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the methanolic extracts of oil fumes caused significant oxidative damage through the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine formation in A-549 cells at the concentrations from 50 to 200 ug/mL. These results demonstrated that the DNA damage in A-549 cells, induced by cooking oil fumes, was related to the ROS formation and may have implications for lung cancer. ANIMAL STUDIES: The effect of continuous Intralipid infusions on serum HDL and LDL levels was studied in the rat. Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly elevated following 96 hr of infusion with 10% Intralipid with food intake significantly decreased compared to a control group. Futhermore, soybean oil-based emulsion promoted the apoptosis of splenic lymphocytes in mice. Infusion of soybean oil-based emulsions augmented the apoptosis of splenic and circulating lymphocytes in murine model of acute lung injury (ALI) and led to increased mortality in mice. These findings may be of relevance for patients experiencing ALI that require parenteral nutrition. In developmental study rats were divided into three groups according to dietary fat source: PM (40% crude palm oil), SB (40% soybean oil), and VS (40% partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening). Rats were fed experimental diets from day 1 of pregnancy to sacrifice, which was one week after weaning of pups (21 d). Milk was expressed from dams on day 14 of lactation. PM, SB and VS milk samples had the same fat content and had fatty acid profiles similar to that of their respective diets. SB and VS dams had significantly more pups dead at birth compared to PM dams. Soybean oil was tested for genotoxicity in the Drosophila wing somatic mutation and recombination assay. Results indicate that the oil produces genotoxic effects when tested without any previous frying or boiling processes.

The reported successful use of IV lipid emulsions in local anesthetic intoxications is thought to be due to lipid sequestration of local anesthetics. However, controlled efficacy studies were lacking, and other mechanisms of action have also been suggested. This study investigated the effect of lipid infusion on plasma concentrations and cardiovascular effects of 2 local anesthetics differing in lipophilicity, bupivacaine, and mepivacaine. Bupivacaine (n = 20) or mepivacaine (n = 20) was infused into a central vein of anesthetized (isoflurane 1%, Fio(2) 0.21) pigs until mean arterial blood pressure decreased to 50% from baseline. Isoflurane was discontinued and Fio(2) was increased to 1.0. Ten pigs in each local anesthetic group were treated with 20% lipid emulsion (ClinOleic), and 10 pigs with Ringer's solution: 1.5 mL/kg in 1 minute followed by an infusion of 0.25 mL/ kg/min for 29 minutes. Five additional pigs were infused bupivacaine and Intralipid. Total and nonlipid-bound local anesthetic concentrations were determined from repeated blood samples. There were no overall differences in total or nonlipid-bound plasma local anesthetic concentrations between the lipid and Ringer's groups. However, plasma median total bupivacaine concentration was 21% and 23% higher at 20 and 30 minutes, respectively, in the lipid group (P = 0.016 without Holm-Bonferroni correction). There was also no overall difference between lipid and Ringer's groups in the rate of recovery of hemodynamic and electrocardiographic variables. Median mean arterial blood pressure in the lipid group with bupivacaine intoxication was 16 mm Hg and 15 mm Hg higher than in the corresponding Ringer's group at 10 and 15 minutes, respectively (P = 0.016 and P = 0.021, respectively, without Holm-Bonferroni correction). Intralipid also caused no difference between total plasma and nonlipid-bound concentrations of bupivacaine with no apparent enhancement of recovery. Lipid emulsion neither had any measurable effect on the disposition of the studied local anesthetics in plasma, nor did it improve the rate of recovery from intoxication by either local anesthetic as measured by hemodynamic variables./Intralipid/

When, in the course of an ageing study, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), dissolved in soya oil, was given to 22 Balb/c mice once a week subcutaneously for 10 months, it caused the development of vigorously growing fibrosarcomata at the site of the injections in 17 (77.3%) of the animals. The tumors produced in this manner proved eminently transplantable into syngeneic Balb/c hosts, and have been serially transplanted every 3-4 weeks for over 3 years in such recipients, having reached their 44th transplantation cycle at the present time; upon transplantation, they now exhibit a 100% "take" incidence and proliferate extremely rapidly, growing from pin-head size to up to half the weight of a whole recipient mouse within 3 weeks. All fibrosarcomata showed marked mitotic activity, invasion of adjacent tissues and extensive necrotic areas, and they became more undifferentiated after the third transplantation cycle. Neither pure alpha-tocopherol alone nor soya oil alone produced any tumors when given subcutaneously once a week, for 10 months to groups of 22 Balb/c mice each. It is concluded that the two agents alpha-tocopherol and soya oil which proved non-carcinogenic when injected alone, developed a powerful carcinogenic effect when they acted on subcutaneous connective tissue simultaneously.

Intralipid (soybean oil), /used/ alone and with heparin during parenteral nutrition, /it/ was investigated in patients and healthy subjects for its effect on lymphocyte and monocyte function. Lymphocyte function in peripheral blood was unaffected, but monocyte function was significantly depressed. Addition of heparin prevented the changes in monocyte function caused by Intralipid, although it had no effect on the immunological parameters by itself. Electron micrographs showed phagocytosis of fat particles by monocytes./Intralipid/

Lipid emulsion infusion reverses cardiac toxicity of local anesthetics. The predominant effect is likely creation of a "lipid sink." This in vitro study determined the extent to which Intralipid and Lipofundin sequester anesthetics from serum, and whether it varies with pH. Bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and mepivacaine were added to human drug-free serum (pH 7.4) at 10 ug/mL. The lipid emulsions were added, and the mixture shaken and incubated at 37 °C. Lipid was removed by ultracentrifugation and drug remaining in the serum measured. Additional experiments were performed using 100 ug/mL bupivacaine and at pH 6.9. Lipofundin extracted all three anesthetics to a greater extent than Intralipid (34.7% vs. 22.3% for bupivacaine, 25.8% vs. 16.5% for ropivacaine, and 7.3% vs. 4.7% for mepivacaine). By increasing either concentration of bupivacaine or lipid, there was an increase in drug extraction from serum. Adjusting the pH to 6.9 had no statistically significant effect on the percentage of bupivacaine sequestered. Bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and mepivacaine were sequestered to an extent consistent with their octanol:water partition constants (logP). In contrast with previous studies of extraction of lipids from buffer solutions, an emulsion containing 50% each of medium- and long-chain triglycerides extracted local anesthetics to a greater extent from human serum than one containing exclusively long-chain triglycerides, calling into question recent advanced cardiac life support guidelines for resuscitation from anesthetic toxicity that specify use of a long-chain triglyceride. The current data also do not support recent recommendations to delay administration until pH is normalized./Intalipid/

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Hydrocarbon Blends, Mixtures, and Related Compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Hydrocarbon Blends, Mixtures, and Related Compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Hydrocarbon Blends, Mixtures, and Related Compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over challenge study of the allergenicity of hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, and cold-pressed soya bean oils was conducted in a group of seven individuals who had experienced allergic reactions after exposures that had occurred up to 10 years previously. All had positive reactions to a skin-prick test with soya bean extract. The titres of serum immunoglobulin E binding to soya bean proteins were increased in six of the seven patients. None of the subjects reacted to increasing volumes of any of the oils, although the Committee noted that use of gelatin capsules to administer the oils may have masked any reactions of the lips and oral cavity. Although the study provided some evidence that the oil used was not allergenic, appropriate descriptions of the manufacturing process and the consequent specifications of the oil were not provided, and the results could not be extrapolated to other oils.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The incorporation of lipid emulsions in parenteral diets is a requirement for energy and essential fatty acid supply to critically ill patients. In this study, the toxicity of a lipid emulsion rich (60%) in triacylglycerol of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on leukocytes from healthy volunteers was investigated. Eleven volunteers were recruited, and blood samples were collected before infusion of a soybean oil emulsion, immediately afterwards, and 18 hours later. The cells were studied immediately after isolation and again after 24 hours or 48 hours in culture. The following determinations were made: composition and concentration of fatty acids in plasma, lymphocytes and neutrophils, lymphocyte proliferation, levels of cell viability, DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization, mitochondrial depolarization, reactive oxygen species production, and neutral lipid accumulation. Soybean oil emulsion decreased lymphocyte proliferation and provoked neutrophil and lymphocyte apoptosis and necrosis. Evidence is presented herein that soybean oil emulsion is less toxic to neutrophils than to lymphocytes. The mechanism of cell death induced by this oil emulsion was characterized by mitochondrial membrane depolarization and neutral lipid accumulation but did not alter reactive oxygen species production. Soybean oil emulsion given as a single dose of 500 mL promotes lymphocyte and neutrophil death that may enhance the susceptibility of the patients to infections./Soybean oil emulsion for parenteral diet/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Three men and four women aged 18-63 years who were sensitive to soya beans were recruited into a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study of the allergenicity of soya bean oil. The time since the last exposure of the subjects that had resulted in an allergic reaction ranged from < 1 to 10 years. The oils tested were partially hydrogenated, unhydrogenated, and cold-pressed soya bean oils; the placebo was an olive oil. The sequence of administration of the oils during the study was randomized. Before the start of the study, all the subjects reacted to a skin-prick test with soya bean extract, but none gave a positive reaction to a skin-prick test with the test oils. The percent binding of serum IgE antibody to soya bean allergens, assessed in a radioallergosorbent test in six of the seven subjects, was 230-2800% that of a pooled control serum. On the second day of the study, the subjects were challenged with 2, 5, or 8 mL of the assigned oil administered in gelatin capsules, these doses being equivalent to the amount that might be ingested during a meal. Each dose was followed by a 30-min observation period. Challenges to each of the other oils were made after intervals of at least six days. None of the subjects experienced an immediate or delayed adverse reaction, whether typical or atypical of an allergic reaction, to any of the soya bean oils.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The effect of soybean oil (Intralipid; I) emulsion on essential fatty acid, lipid and glucose metabolism was studied in 21 preterm infants on parenteral nutrition randomized to receive 0.5 g/kg of intravenous I injection for 5 days (n=10, group A) or 0.5 increased to 2 g/kg/day over 5 days (n=11, group B). Triene/tetraene ratios did not change in group A, but decreased in group B. In both groups, plasma phospholipid linoleate increased, the increase being greater in group B. In both groups, percent content of arachiodonate and 5,8,11-eicosatrienoate decreased and that of oleate remained unchanged. In contrast, absolute content of arachiodonate and oleate tended to increase, and that of 5,8,11-eicosatrienoate remained unchanged. At a I intake of 0.5 g/kg/day, no infants had hyperlipemia. When I intake exceeded one g/kg/day, the frequency of hypertriglyceridemia and free fatty acidemia, with the free fatty acid/molar albumin ratio exceeding 6:1, increased. Plasma glycerol increased slightly, but was substantially less than the rise in enzymatically determined triglycerides. Hyperglycemia was self-limiting and did not require alteration in dextrose intake. It was concluded that (1) infusion of I emulsion at 0.5-2 g/kg/day maintains essential fatty acid status and phospholipid arachiodonate concentrations; (2) significant hyperlipidemia occurs when I intake exceeds one g/kg/day; (3) hyperglycemia associated with I infusion tends to be self-limiting and may not require alteration in lipid or dextrose intake; and (4) enzymatically determined triglycerides may be used to monitor lipid tolerance, provided that allowance is made for a small but systematic overestimation resulting from the rise in plasma glycerol. /Intralipid/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of continuous Intralipid infusions on serum HDL and LDL levels in the rat. Male Fischer 344 rats were infused continuously via central venous catheter with 10% Intralipid for 96 hr and 5, or 2.5% Intralipid for 14 days. Blood samples were collected during the infusion period for total serum cholesterol, HDL-, and LDL-cholesterol measurements. Food intake was monitored during the studies. Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly elevated following 96 hr of infusion with 10% Intralipid with food intake significantly decreased compared to a control group. In a second experiment, animals received a continuous infusion of either 5% Intralipid, 2.5% Intralipid or 0.45% saline for 14 days. Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly elevated following 14 days of infusion with 5% Intralipid group compared to controls but food intake remained constant for 12 days with no evident toxicity. /Intralipid/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in the diet reduce risk of cardiac mortality. Fish oils are a dietary source of LC-PUFAs (EPA, DHA) but intake is low in Western diets. Adding beneficial amounts of LC-PUFAs to foods is limited by their instability and potential to impart off-flavors. Stearidonic acid (SDA), a precursor of EPA in man, is more stable than EPA/DHA in food matrices. SDA is present in fish oils (0.5-4%) and in nutraceuticals (echium, borage oil). Genes for Delta6, Delta15 desaturases were introduced into soybeans that convert linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid to SDA (15-30% fatty acids). Since addition of SDA soybean oil into human foods increases SDA intake, toxicology studies were undertaken to assess its safety. In a 28-day pilot study, rats were gavaged with SDA soybean oil at dosages up to 3g/kg body weight/day; no treatment-related adverse effects were observed.//Stearidonic acid (SDA) soybean oil/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The life-span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) has been reported to become shorter by ingestion of some vegetable oils, including rapeseed oil, when given as the sole dietary fat. The present study was undertaken to examine if the ingestion of rapeseed (canola) oil affects blood coagulating time and erythrocyte membranes. Namely, SHRSP were orally given canola oil or soybean oil as the only dietary fat (10% of diet) for 4 weeks. After the 4-week feeding, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in the canola oil group (19.9+/-0.5 s, N=8) was significantly shorter than that in the soybean oil group (21.6+/-0.6 s, N=8, P<0. 05), though there were no between-group differences in plasma Ca(2+), platelet density and platelet aggregation. Erythrocytes from the canola oil group were less tolerant to low osmotic pressure than those from soybean oil group; the EC(50) values for NaCl concentration to cause hemolysis were 0.42+/-0.004 and 0.40+/-0.005% in the canola oil and the soybean oil groups, respectively (N=10, P<0.01). The canola oil-induced shortening of blood coagulation time and increased fragility in erythrocyte membranes may have relevance to the promotion of strokes in SHRSP.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Poor control of blood pressure leads to hypertension which is a major risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to explore possible mechanisms of elevation in blood pressure following consumption of heated vegetable oil. Forty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into six groups: Group I (control)--normal rat chow, Group II--fresh soy oil, Group III--soy oil heated once, Group IV--soy oil heated twice, Group V--soy oil heated five times, Group VI--soy oil heated ten times. Blood pressure was measured at the baseline level and at a monthly interval for six months. Plasma nitric oxide, heme oxygenase and angiotensin-converting enzyme levels were measured prior to treatment, at month-three and month-six later. At the end of treatment, the rats were sacrificed and thoracic aortas were taken for measurement of vascular reactivity. Blood pressure increased significantly (p<0.01) in the repeatedly heated oil groups compared to the control and fresh soy oil groups. Consumption of diet containing repeatedly heated oil resulted higher plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme level and lower nitric oxide content and heme oxygenase concentration. Reheated soy oil groups exhibited attenuated relaxation in response to acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside, and greater contraction to phenylephrine. As a result of consumption of repeatedly heated soy oil, an elevation in blood pressure was observed which may be due to the quantitative changes in endothelium dependent and independent factors including enzymes directly involved in the regulation of blood pressure. /Heated soy oil/

LD50 rats iv 67.72 (SE, 10.69) mL/kg/Intralipid/

Free fatty acids circulate in the plasma, bound to albumin.

Soybean oil's production and use in salad dressings, cooking oils and foodstuffs and in the manufacture of margarine, printing inks, varnishes, paints, soaps, lubricants and biofuels may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Soybean oil occurs in the soy pods of soybean plants. If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 8X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates the constituent triglycerides of soybean oil will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase soybean oil constituents will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to range from 0.65 to 5 hours. The unsaturated triglycerides will also degrade in vapor-phase by reaction with ozone; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 0.2 hours. Particulate-phase soybean oil constituents will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Soybean oil might be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, the constituent triglycerides of soybean oil are expected to have no mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1X10+10. Some evaporation from soil surfaces may occur based on a slight odor emitted by soybean oil. However, soybean oil is a semi-drying oil that can partially harden, forming a polymeric film, on surfaces exposed to air. It may be susceptible to direct photolysis on soil surfaces exposed to sunlight. Soybean oil is reported to be readily biodegradable, therefore, biodegradation is expected to be an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, the constituent triglycerides of soybean oil are expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. The triglycerides in soybean oil are insoluble in water and likely to adsorb strongly to sediment and suspended material; therefore, volatilization from water is not expected to be an important fate process. A reported BCF of <10 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to soybean oil may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where soybean oil is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to soybean oil via ingestion of foods and food additives containing soybean oil and via dermal contact with this compound or consumer products containing soybean oil. (SRC)

The soy pods of soybean plants (Glycine maxima) contain up to four soybeans and the oil content varies between 17-22%(1). Soybean is a member of the Fabaceae family(2,3).

Soybean oil's production and use in salad dressings, cooking oils and foodstuffs and in the manufacture of margarine, printing inks, varnishes, paints, soaps, lubricants and biofuels(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Soybean oil is a triglyceride mixture comprised of fatty acid constituents of linoleic acid (49%), oleic acid (26%), linolenic (11%) and saturated fatty acids (14%)(1). Based on a classification scheme(2), an estimated Koc value of 1X10+10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(3), indicates that the constituent triglycerides of soybean oil are expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Some evaporation from soil surfaces may occur(SRC) based on a slight odor emitted by soybean oil(1). However, soybean oil is a semi-drying oil(4) that can partially harden, forming a polymeric film, on surfaces exposed to air(4,5). Soybean oil is reported to be sensitive to light(6); therefore, it may be susceptible to direct photolysis on soil surfaces exposed to sunlight(SRC). Soybean oil is reported to be readily biodegradable(7), indicating that biodegradation is expected to be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Soybean oil is a triglyceride mixture comprised of fatty acid constituents of linoleic acid (49%), oleic acid (26%), linolenic (11%) and saturated fatty acids (14%)(1). Based on a classification scheme(2), an estimated Koc value of 1X10+10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(3), indicates that the constituent triglycerides of soybean oil are expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). The triglycerides in soybean oil are insoluble in water and likely to adsorb strongly to sediment and suspended material; therfore, volatilization from water is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Soybean oil is reported to be sensitive to light(4); therefore, it may be susceptible to direct photolysis in water exposed to sunlight(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a reported BCF of <10(5) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Soybean oil is reported to be readily biodegradable(5) indicating that biodegradation is expected to be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Soybean oil is a triglyceride mixture comprised of fatty acid constituents of linoleic acid (49%), oleic acid (26%), linolenic (11%) and saturated fatty acids (14%)(1). According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(2), the constituent triglycerides of soybean oil, which have an extrapolated vapor pressure of 8X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(3), are expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase soybean oil triglycerides are degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to range from 0.65 to 5 hours(SRC), calculated from their rate constants of 5.8X10-10 to 7.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that were derived using a structure estimation method(4). The unsaturated triglycerides will also degrade in vapor-phase by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to 0.2 hours(SRC), calculated from a rate constant of 1.4X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that were derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase soybean oil may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Soybean oil is reported to be sensitive to light(5), therefore, it may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Soybean oil is reported to be readily biodegradable(1).

Soybean oil is a triglyceride mixture comprised of fatty acid constituents(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of the saturated fatty acid constituents of soybean oil with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The unsaturated constituents are more reactive. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of a typical unsaturated fatty acid constituent mixture of soybean oil with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.8X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 0.65 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The unsaturated constituents will also react with atmospheric ozone. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of a typical unsaturated fatty acid constituent mixture of soybean oil with ozone has been estimated as 1.4X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 0.2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). Soybean oil is light sensitive and it can deteriorate with exposed to sunlight(3). However exposure to air and auto-oxidative mechanisms are more important as a degradative process(3). Oil paints consisting of natural drying oils (such as soybean oil) undergo autoxidative polymerization in the presence of atmospheric oxygen and catalytic driers(4); during film formation (curing), atmospheric oxygen reacts with the oil to form hydroperoxides which decompose into radicals and then initiate polymerization(4).

Soybean oil has a reported BCF of <10(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Soybean oil is a triglyceride mixture comprised of fatty acid constituents(1). Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(2), the Koc of the constituent triglycerides of soybean oil can be estimated to be on the order of 1.0X10+10(SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that soybean oil is expected to be immobile in soil.

Soybean oil is an oil with a slight odor(1) indicating that some evaporation may occur(SRC). Soybean oil is classified as a semi-drying oil(2) which indicates that it can partially harden when exposed to air and is able to form films if modified or mixed with other film-forming components(2). The triglycerides in soybean oil can react with atmospheric oxygen to form polymeric films(2,3). Soybean oil is much slower drying than linseed oil(2). The triglycerides in soybean oil are insoluble in water and likely to adsorb strongly to sediment and suspended material, therfore, volatilization from water is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC).

The soy pods of soybean plants (Glycine maxima) contain up to four soybeans and the oil content varies between 17-22%(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of soybean oil is greater than 1000; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 314,419 workers (142,134 of these were female) were potentially exposed to soybean oil in the US(1). Occupational exposure to soybean oil may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where soybean oil is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to soybean oil via ingestion of foods and food additives containing soybean oil and via dermal contact with this compound or consumer products containing soybean oil(SRC).